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Ganglioside Antibody Profile, IgG in Kolkata

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BLOOD

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7 years & above

Patients suffering from neuropathy have difficulty dealing with sensory disturbances, weakness, and autonomic involvement. One of the most complex groups of glycosphingolipids is the ganglioside antibodies. These antibodies have oligosaccharide head groups with one or multiple involvements of sialic acid.

These ganglioside antibodies account for 5%-8% of the total lipids in your brain. More than twenty different types of ganglioside antibodies have been identified that differ in the number of sialic acid residues and the relative position of the hexose.

Ganglioside antibodies are highly contained in the ganglion cells of the central nervous system and are mainly present in the surface membranes of the cells of most extraneural tissues. Ganglioside antibodies have been involved in several biological processes in the nervous system. These processes include cell recognition, regulation of receptor function, cell adhesion, growth modulation, and signal transduction.

GM1 ganglioside antibodies are related primarily to disorders that affect motor nerves. Some particular carbohydrates recognised by ganglioside antibodies are involved in various infectious organisms such as campylobacter. These can trigger some diseases.

This inherited disorder progressively destroys nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord. It is classified into three types based on its severity and feature.

The symptoms of one of the most severe types of GM1 gangliosidosis usually occur when a child is six months old. Infants may experience symptoms like:

  • Slow muscles development
  • Weakened movements
  • Startled reaction to loud noises

When the type I ganglioside antibodies make progress in the body, children are more likely to develop the following symptoms:

  • Skeletal abnormalities
  • Enlarged liver or spleen
  • Loss of vision
  • Seizures
  • Profound intellectual disability
  • Distinctive facial features

Under the type II ganglioside antibodies, most children develop symptoms from around eighteen months of age till five years. These children may not develop enlarged organs, but their life expectancy remains short. They usually survive into middle childhood.

Type III ganglioside antibodies are also known as the chronic form or adult form. Most affected patients develop symptoms in their teens. They usually experience muscle dystonia and abnormalities of the spinal bones. Life expectancy among patients of type III can vary.

The Ganglioside profile test detects IgM antibodies formed against the ganglioside monosialic acid (GM1). At Apollo 24|7, you can get yourself tested with the help of a ganglioside profile test. If the test detects a higher level of ganglioside antibodies, it can lead to motor or sensorimotor neuropathies, especially multifocal motor neuropathy. The ganglioside antibodies are found in patients suffering from diverse connective tissue diseases. The antibodies can also affect normal people. Your doctor will order this test for you along with other clinical parameters to confirm the presence of the disease. 
 

faqFrequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

How are ganglioside antibodies formed?

Apart from GM4, which is generally derived from galactosylceramide (GalCer), the majority of ganglioside antibodies are formed from lactosylceramide (LacCer). A very basic ganglioside, GM3, is formed by adding sialic acid to LacCer by CMP-sialic acid.

What is the difference between globoside and ganglioside antibodies?

Ganglioside antibodies mainly have oligosaccharide chains that contain sialic acid residues. On the other hand, globosides contain two or more sugar residues and an N-acetylgalactosamine group linked to ceramide.

What is the physiological significance of ganglioside antibodies?

Ganglioside antibodies play an important role in maintaining the togetherness of lipid rafts and particular cell membrane microdomains. If there are changes in the composition of ganglioside lipid rafts, there may be alterations in the modes of interactions with several counterpart proteins, cholesterol molecules, and phospholipids.

Why is it essential to break down ganglioside antibodies?

Without the presence of a ganglioside GM2 activator, beta-hexosaminidase A will not be able to break down GM2 ganglioside. This results in a build-up of toxic levels, especially in the brain, nerve cells, and spinal cord. Hence, you must consult your healthcare provider or doctor when you experience difficulties.

What is the resulting cause of ganglioside accumulation?

Generally, gangliosides are caused due to monogenic disorders of a protein. This protein is an important step in the catabolism of gangliosides. When these defects become excessive in the lysosomal function, they can cause a primary accumulation of several undegradable glycosphingolipids and gangliosides.

Are ganglioside antibodies hereditary?

Yes, due to the manner in which this condition is inherited, the cells mutate over time. Hence, the antibodies mutate and are genetic.

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The information mentioned above is meant for educational purposes only and should not be taken as a substitute to your Physician’s advice. It is highly recommended that the customer consults with a qualified healthcare professional to interpret test results